[1]   R Bajcsy and S Kovačič. Multiresolution elastic matching. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 46:1–21, 1989.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0734-189X(89)80014-3.

[2]   J Barron, D Fleet, and S Beauchemin. Performance of optical flow techniques. Int. J. of Computer Vision, 12:43–77, 1994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420984.

[3]   AC Berg, TL Berg, and J Malik. Shape matching and object recognition using low distortion correspondences. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’05), volume 1, pages 26–33, 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2005.320.

[4]   AC Berg and J Malik. Geometric blur for template matching. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’01), volume 1, pages 607–614, 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2001.990529.

[5]   M Berger and G Danuser. Deformable multi template matching with application to portal images. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’97), pages 374–379, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1997.609352.

[6]   M Bertalmio, G Sapiro, and G Randall. Morphing active contours. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22:733–737, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.865191.

[7]   D Beymer and T Poggio. Image representation for visual learning. Science, 272:1905–1909, 1996.

[8]   V Blanz and T Vetter. Face recognition based on fitting a 3D morphable model. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25:1063–1074, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2003.1227983.

[9]   M Bro-Nielsen and C Gramkow. Fast fluid registration of medical images. In Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Visualization in Biomedical Computing, volume 1131 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 267–276. Springer, 1996.

[10]   R Brunelli. Estimation of pose and illuminant direction for face processing. Image and Vision Computing, 15:741–748, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0262-8856(97)00024-3.

[11]   V Caselles, R Kimmel, and G Sapiro. Geodesic active contours. Int. J. of Computer Vision, 22:61–79, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.1995.466871.

[12]   TF Chan and LA Vese. Active contours without edges. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 10:266–277, 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.902291.

[13]   G Charpiat, O Faugeras, and R Keriven. Image statistics based on diffeomorphic matching. In Proc. of the 10th International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (ICCV’05), volume 1, pages 852–857, 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2005.118.

[14]   KW Cheung, DY Yeung, and RT Chin. A Bayesian framework for deformable pattern recognition withapplication to handwritten character recognition. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20:1382–1388, 1998.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.735813.

[15]   KW Cheung, DY Yeung, and RT Chin. Bidirectional deformable matching with application to handwritten character extraction. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24:1133–1139, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2002.1024135.

[16]   GE Christensen. Consistent linear-elastic transformations for image matching. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI’99), volume 1613 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 224–237, 1999.

[17]   GE Christensen and HJ Johnson. Consistent image registration. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 20:568–582, 2001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/42.932742.

[18]   GE Christensen, SC Joshi, and MI Miller. Volumetric transformation of brain anatomy. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 16:864–877, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/42.650882.

[19]   GE Christensen, RD Rabbitt, and MI Miller. Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 5:1435–1447, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.536892.

[20]   TF Cootes, A Hill, CJ Taylor, and J Haslam. The use of active shape models for locating structures in medical images. Image and Vision Computing, 12:355–366, 1994.

[21]   TF Cootes, CJ Taylor, DH Cooper, and J Graham. Active shape models: Their training and application. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 61:38–59, 1995.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.1995.1004.

[22]   J Coughlan, A Yuille, C English, and D Snow. Efficient deformable template detection and localization without user initialization. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 78:303–319, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/cviu.2000.0842.

[23]   A Daffertshofer and H Haken. A new approach to recognition of deformed patterns. Pattern Recognition, 27:1697–1705, 1994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-3203(94)90087-6.

[24]   A Del Bimbo and P Pala. Visual image retrieval by elastic matching of user sketches. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:121–132, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.574790.

[25]   R Epstein and A Yuille. Training a general purpose deformable template. In Proc. of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP’94), volume 1, pages 203–207, 1994.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICIP.1994.413304.

[26]   PF Felzenszwalb. Representation and detection of deformable shapes. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 27:208–220, 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2005.35.

[27]   R Fisker and JM Carstensen. On parameter estimation in deformable models. In Proc. of the 14th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’98), volume 1, pages 762–766, 1998.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1998.711258.

[28]   A Foulonneau, P Charbonnier, and F Heitz. Affine-invariant geometric shape priors for region-based active contours. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 28:1352–1357, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2006.154.

[29]   U Grenander and MI Miller. Computational anatomy: an emerging discipline. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, LVI:617–694, 1998.

[30]   M Gyulassy and M Harlander. Elastic tracking and neural network algorithms for complex pattern recognition. Computer Physics Communications, 66:31–46, 1991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(91)90005-6.

[31]   TX Han, V Ramesh, Y Zhut, and TS Huang. On optimizing template matching via performance characterization. In Proc. of the 10th International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (ICCV’05), volume 1, pages 182–189, 2005.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2005.178.

[32]   X Han, C Xu, and JL Prince. A topology preserving level set method for geometric deformable models. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 25:755–768, 2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2003.1201824.

[33]   BKP Horn and BG Schunk. Determining optical flow. Artificial Intelligence, 17:185–203, 1981.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(81)90024-2.

[34]   K Ikeuchi, T Shakunaga, MD Wheeler, and T Yamazaki. Invariant histograms and deformable template matching for sar target recognition. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’96), pages 100–105, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.1996.517060.

[35]   AK Jain, Y Zhong, and MP Dubuisson-Jolly. Deformable template models: A review. Signal Processing, 71:109–129, 1998.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1684(98)00139-X.

[36]   AK Jain, Y Zhong, and S Lakshmanan. Object matching using deformable templates. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 18:267–278, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.485555.

[37]   HJ Johnson and GE Christensen. Consistent landmark and intensity-based image registration. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, 21:450–461, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2002.1009381.

[38]   T Kaneko and O Hori. Template update criterion for template matching of image sequences. In Proc. of the 16th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’02), volume 2, pages 1–5, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2002.1048221.

[39]   M Kass, A Witkin, and D Terzopoulos. Snakes: Active contour models. Int. J. of Computer Vision, 1:321–331, 1988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00133570.

[40]   KF Lai and RT Chin. Deformable contours: modeling and extraction. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17:1084–1090, 1995.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.473235.

[41]   KF Lai, CM Ngo, and S Chan. Tracking of deformable contours by synthesis and match. In Proc. of the 13th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’96), volume 1, pages 657–661, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1996.546106.

[42]   M Lalonde and L Gagnon. Variable neighborhood search for geometrically deformable templates. In Proc. of the 16th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’02), volume 2, pages 689–692, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2002.1048395.

[43]   H Li and A Yezzi. Local or global minima: Flexible dual-front active contours. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 29:1–14, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.250595.

[44]   J Luettin, NA Thacker, and SW Beet. Locating and tracking facial speech features. In Proc. of the 13th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’96), volume 1, pages 652–656, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.1996.546105.

[45]   LM Lui, Y Wang, F Chan, and PM Thompson. Automatic landmark tracking and its application to the optimization of brain conformal mapping. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’06), volume 2, pages 1784–1792, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2006.67.

[46]   A-R Mansouri, DP Mukherjee, and ST Acton. Constraining active contour evolution via lie groups of transformation. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 13:853–863, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2004.826128.

[47]   KV Mardia, W Qian, D Shah, and KMA de Souza. Deformable template recognition of multiple occluded objects. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:1035–1042, 1997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/34.615452.

[48]   N Mingtian and SE Reichenbach. Pattern matching by sequential subdivision of transformation space. In Proc. of the 17th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’04), volume 2, pages 145–148, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2004.1334082.

[49]   CJ Needham and RD Boyle. Multi-resolution template kernels. In Proc. of the 17th IAPR International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR’04), volume 2, pages 233–236, 2004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICPR.2004.1334138.

[50]   R Nohre. Deformed template matching by the Viterbi algorithm. Pattern Recognition Letters, 17:1423–1428, 1996.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(96)00107-9.

[51]   M Ohlsson, C Peterson, and A Yuille. Track finding with deformable templates - the elastic arms approach. Computer Physics Communications, 71:77–98, 1992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(92)90074-9.

[52]   G Papandreou and P Maragos. Multigrid geometric active contour models. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 16:229–240, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2006.884952.

[53]   T. Poggio and R. Brunelli. A novel approach to graphics. A.I. Memo No. 1354, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992.

[54]   AL Ratan, WEL Grimson, and WM Wells. Object detection and localization by dynamic template warping. Int. J. of Computer Vision, 36:131–147, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008147915077.

[55]   S Romdhani, J Ho, T Vetter, and DJ Kriegman. Face recognition using 3-D models: Pose and illumination. Proceedings of the IEEE, 94:1977–1999, 2006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.886019.

[56]   MB Skouson and ZP Liang. Template deformation constrained by shape priors. In Proc. of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’00), volume 1, pages 511–516, 2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2000.855862.

[57]   PM Thompson and AW Toga. A framework for computational anatomy. Computing and Visualization in Science, 5:13–34, 2002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00791-002-0084-6.

[58]   E Valveny and E Marti. Application of deformable template matching to symbol recognition in handwritten architectural drawings. In Proc. of the 5th International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pages 483–486, 1999.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICDAR.1999.791830.

[59]   C Xu and JL Prince. Snakes, shapes, and gradient vector flow. IEEE Trans. on Image processing, 7:359–369, 1998.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.661186.

[60]   P Yan and KW Bowyer. Biometric recognition using 3d ear shape. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 29:1297–1308, 2007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2007.1067.

[61]   A Yuille. Generalized deformable models, statistical physics and matching problems. Neural Computation, 2:1–24, 1990.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1990.2.1.1.

[62]   AL Yuille, PW Hallinan, and DS Cohen. Feature extraction from faces using deformable templates. Int. J. of Computer Vision, 8:99–111, 1992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127169.

[63]   AL Yuille, K Honda, and C Peterson. Particle tracking by deformable templates. In Proc. of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, volume 1, pages 7–12, 1991.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.1991.155141.